Structure and functions of cells and organelles; Biomolecules: Polysaccharides biological membranes; Proteins, amino acids; Enzymes, mechanism of actions and kinetics; Nucleic acids and protein synthesis. Thermodynamics, Energy metabolism: Respiration and ATP synthesis. Photosynthesis. Application of biotechnology. Cell and tissue culture. Genetic improvement of crop. Managing plant and animal diseases: Molecular methods of pathogen diagnosis, characterisation and monitoring. Transgenic animals. Animal embryo transfer and associated techniques. Cloning. Vaccine development. Legislative framework.
