Surveys and census. Target and study populations. Types of frames. Non-probability methods.
Haphazard sampling. Quota sampling. Simple random sampling. Stratified sampling with proportionate,
optimal and Neyman allocations. Cluster sampling. Systematic sampling. Ratio and regression
estimators. Practical problems in planning and conducting surveys: Choice of sampling method and
estimators to be used, bias and variance, discussion of sampling problems in actual survey and
recommendations.
