Theory and applications of modern biotechnological methods for enhancement of specific plant characteristics and crop improvement. Molecular tools, including DNA barcoding, molecular markers, genome editing for crop improvement. Marker-assisted breeding. Fundamental applications of 'omics' technologies. Tissue and culture technology. Genetic variability in tissue culture. Transgenic technologies and molecular breeding. Metabolomics.Plant breeding and crop improvement. Application of genetic principles to the production of improved cultivars of crop species.