Plant transformation methods: Direct and indirect methods. Binary vectors and superbinary vectors. Optimization methods for plant transformation and vector design. Animal transformation. Methods for GMO detection. Ethical issues in biotechnology. Biosafety & risk assessment of GMOs. Public perception. IPR & Trade related aspects. Methods for producing transgenic plants & animals. Important genes of agronomic interest. Current trends in finding useful genes. GMO Act 2004. Traceability. Legislative aspects.