Photometry: nature of light, Beer's law. Study of selected examples of instruments. e.g. pH meters, spectrophotometers and others including their components and standardisation. Light scattering measurements: nephelometry and turbidimetry. Fluorimetry. Principles of immunochemical techniques. Fluorescent antibody methods. Automation in the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis: principles and types of electrophoresis. Effect of buffer on electrophoretic migration. Electroendosmosis and endosmosis. Paper electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis. Cellulose acetate elctrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Starch gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing. Limitations and errors. Problem solving. Chromatography: fundamental principles and types of chromatography. Uses of chromatography. Separation mechanisms. Ion-exchange chromatography. Steric exclusion chromatography. Adsorption chromatography. Partition chromatography. Affinity chromatography. Gas chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography.
